Recovering from gastric bypass (bariatric) surgery
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Gastric bypass or bariatric surgery is a technique used to help patients deal with issues relating to weight, obesity and related conditions. This article explores what patients can expect when recovering from gastric bypass surgery including recovery times, side-effects and what is involved in the procedure.
Areas of expertise
Every year, around 200,000 people in the United States elect to have gastric bypass surgery. This type of surgery uses several different methods and procedures to help patients control issues with weight, appetite and eating. These surgical techniques are collectively known as bariatric surgery. In this article we'll explore what patients can expect when they are recovering from gastric bypass surgery.
The intent behind gastric bypass and other bariatric surgery is to reduce the ability of the stomach to accept food, normally by reducing the size of the stomach. Various surgical techniques have been developed to accomplish this, but the most common type of bariatric surgery works as follows:
The surgeon creates a small pouch in the stomach that limits the amount of food a patient can eat.
A larger part of the stomach is partitioned to prevent food being digested there.
The gastrointestinal tract is connected to the new part of the stomach.
Following the surgery, the typical recovery of patients is as follows:
Patients spend two to five days in hospital.
They will be able to get up and walk around after a couple of days.
They will be able to return to light work and activities after three to four weeks.
They will be able to return to normal work and activities after around four to six weeks.
Complete recovery in two to four months.
If a patient has had laparoscopic (keyhole) surgery for their gastric bypass, recovery times and the trauma of recovery are significantly lessened. A patient can speed their recovery by performing gentle exercises and other activities, following consultation with a doctor or other specialist.
Typical effects from the surgery include:
Discomfort and pain from the surgery.
Significant changes in appetite.
Nausea and other feelings of being unwell.
Insomnia and tiredness.
Weakness.
Mood swings and changes to emotional state.
Changes to the digestive system.
Gastric bypass surgery is very effective at treating issues with eating, appetite and weight control. Significant reductions in a person's weight and associated medical conditions are normal for the majority of patients.
Content originally written by Paul Maplesden, a freelance writer, and edited by me.
Recovery after appendectomy surgery for appendicitis (full sample)
Copy editing and proofreading of an article on recovering after surgery for appendicitis, known as an appendectomy.
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If a patient has signs of appendicitis or a similar condition, an appendectomy will be needed to remove the appendix. Appendectomy surgery is a straightforward procedure, and in this article we'll explore the two main methods of surgery, recovery times and what the patient can expect from the operation.
Areas of expertise
An appendectomy is surgery carried out to remove a blocked, inflamed or otherwise damaged appendix. This type of surgery is necessary if a patient has or is likely to develop appendicitis. The procedure is often performed at short notice as emergency surgery to prevent more dangerous problems from occurring. In this article we'll explore the typical recovery process from appendectomy surgery.
The appendix is a small organ attached to the large intestine, though its function is still poorly understood. Appendicitis is a relatively common condition that happens when the appendix becomes inflamed or blocked. If left untreated, the appendix can burst, creating potentially life-threatening issues for the patient due to the risk of internal infection. Because of this, if appendicitis is diagnosed, the appendix needs to be removed.
There are two types of surgery that can be used to remove an appendix:
Open surgery - This is where the surgeon will make a two to three inch incision in the patient's abdomen. They will then find the appendix, remove it and suture the internal and external wound.
Laparoscopic or keyhole surgery - The surgeon will make several small incisions in the abdomen and insert a camera and some very fine surgical instruments attached to tubes. They will then use the camera to locate the appendix and use the instruments to remove it and suture the wound.
Keyhole surgery is generally much less traumatic for the patient and can sometimes even be completed without the patient requiring an overnight stay. Recovery times vary depending on the type of surgery performed.
Open surgery
The patient will normally require a hospital stay of two to three days following the operation.
They will be able to get up and move around after one to two days.
They will experience discomfort for several weeks following the operation.
They will be able to return to light activities and gentle work after three to four weeks.
They will be able to return to normal activities after four to six weeks.
Keyhole surgery
The patient will sometimes need to stay in the hospital overnight but may have the procedure as an outpatient.
They will be able to get up and move around after eight to twelve hours.
They will experience discomfort for a couple of weeks following the operation.
They will be able to return to light activities and gentle work after a couple of weeks.
They will be able to return to normal activities after two to four weeks.
If you suspect that you may be suffering from appendicitis or have significant abdominal pain, it is essential to see a doctor as soon as possible. An appendectomy is a straightforward procedure and early diagnosis and treatment will mean that you will make a full recovery.
Content originally written by Paul Maplesden, a freelance writer, and edited by me.
Angioplasty: What's involved, recovery, lifestyle changes (full sample)
Copy editing and proofreading of an article on angioplasty, a lifesaving technique that removes deposits from the walls of blood vessels.
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Angioplasty is surgery carried out to reduce or remove fatty deposits on the inner walls of veins or arteries. Left untreated, these deposits can cause blockages, resulting in a heart attack, stroke, or other life-threatening condition. Fortunately, angioplasty is a relatively straightforward procedure. In this article we look what it involves, recovery from the surgery, and longer-term lifestyle changes to reduce a patient's risk factors.
Areas of expertise
Angioplasty is a surgical procedure that is carried out to clear blockages or the possibility of blockages from veins or arteries. Blockages can occur because fatty deposits including cholesterol or other plaques can build up on the inside walls of a blood vessel. If left untreated, this can result in a heart attack, stroke, or other life-threatening medical condition. Because of this, angioplasty is often required very urgently.
How angioplasty surgery is performed
Surgery is carried out as follows:
An incision is made in a patient's body.
A very thin tube with a deflated balloon on the end is inserted into the affected vein or artery.
The surgeon locates the area where there is a thickening of the artery walls, normally via a camera.
The balloon is inserted into this area, between the walls of the blood vessel.
Water is forced into the balloon, inflating it.
The pressure of the balloon on the fatty deposits compresses them against the sides of the blood vessel, making it easier for blood to flow.
The balloon is deflated and removed.
Optionally, a stent may be inserted into the vein or artery; this can be used if there is a risk of future collapse or blockage of the affected site.
The incision is sutured.
Recovering from angioplasty surgery
Following the operation, the patient will be moved to a specialist medical care unit where they can be observed. They will probably need to stay there a few hours or overnight and will need to lay still to give the blood vessel time to heal properly.
After another few hours, the patient will be allowed to move around slowly and assuming that there are no further complications will be discharged from the hospital.
A patient will receive a list of instructions from their doctor on what they need to do when they get home. This will include information on appropriate exercises, medication, looking for signs of infection, and when to follow-up with a doctor.
Recovery times vary from person to person. Most patients will make a fairly rapid recovery and will be able to return to light work within about a week of leaving the hospital.
Most patients will make a full recovery within about two to four weeks of the operation.
Longer-term lifestyle changes
Patients should also make longer-term lifestyle changes to reduce the risk of future plaque building up in their veins or arteries:
Exercise regularly.
Maintain a healthy weight.
Eat a balanced, nutritious diet.
Avoid foods that are high in fat or overly processed.
Regularly monitor cholesterol levels and blood pressure.
Keep blood pressure and cholesterol levels down.
Not smoking.
These lifestyle changes can significantly reduce the risk of coronary heart disease and will promote a longer and healthier life.
In closing
Although angioplasty is often an emergency medical treatment, patients should make a full and rapid recovery following the procedure. Combining recovery from the surgery with changes to lifestyle will help ensure that patients can continue to enjoy their lives.
Content originally written by Paul Maplesden, a freelance writer, and edited by me.
Radiation pneumonitis: Symptoms, facts, treatment, and recovery
Copy editing and proofreading of an article on radiation pneumonitis, an inflammation of the lungs that can occur following radiotherapy of the chest area for cancer.
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About this content
Radiation pneumonitis is an inflammation of the lungs that can occur following radiotherapy of the chest area for cancer. In this article, we explore how and why radiation pneumonitis occurs, the symptoms of the condition, how it can be treated and other useful facts for sufferers.
Areas of expertise
Radiation pneumonitis is a type of radiation-induced lung injury, which can result from radiation treatment (radiotherapy) of the chest area. Radiation treatment is used to reduce and eliminate cancer tumors in the chest, breast, lungs or other organs.
Because radiation also affects normal cells as well as cancerous ones, the normal cells can become inflamed. When this happens to cells in the lungs, they can produce fluid which leads to radiation pneumonitis. This condition does not often present while a patient is receiving radiotherapy, but typically manifests a few weeks or several months after the radiotherapy is completed.
Patients with radiation pneumonitis may not feel unwell or show any outward symptoms, and the pneumonitis is often diagnosed by chest x-rays taken to identify if the cancer has been removed.
Symptoms of radiation pneumonitis
Symptoms of the condition typically include:
Shortness of breath, especially after physical activity.
Difficulty breathing or pain in the chest area.
Fever and raised temperature.
Coughing.
Other facts about radiation pneumonitis
The condition occurs in around 5% to 15% of patients who have radiation treatment of the chest area.
Radiation pneumonitis is most common after treatment for lung cancer, although it can also present following radiotherapy for lymphomas, breast cancer or other thoracic cancers.
It is often identified by an increase in white blood cell count.
Symptoms could occur as much as one to six months following radiotherapy.
The likelihood and severity of the condition depends partly on the amount of radiation used and the areas affected by the initial radiotherapy treatment.
Provided radiation pneumonitis is diagnosed and treated quickly, most patients will fully recover from the condition.
Symptoms normally arise between one and six months after the completion of radiation therapy, depending on the strength (dosage) of radiation therapy used and how widespread the treatment was. As long as radiation pneumonitis is treated quickly, most people can make a full recovery with no long-term effects.
Treatment of radiation pneumonitis
The condition is treated through medication, normally steroids or other medications that reduce inflammation; this includes cortisone drugs such as prednisone. The condition can normally be treated effectively. If left untreated, the condition can develop into pulmonary fibrosis, which is a permanent scarring of the lungs. If this occurs, a patient's lung capacity can be severely diminished.
In closing
If you have had to undergo radiotherapy treatment, pay close attention to any possible symptoms of radiation pneumonitis. If you start to experience symptoms, speak to your specialist as soon as possible; with early diagnosis and treatment you can make a full recovery.
Content originally written by Paul Maplesden, a freelance writer, and edited by me.
Effective treatments for gallstones (full sample)
Copy editing and proofreading of an article on gallstones, a common medical problem, especially for people over the age of forty.
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Gallstones are a common medical problem, especially for people over the age of 40. Fortunately, there are a number of effective treatments that can treat gallstones. In this article, we'll explore what causes gallstones and find out about the available treatment options.
Areas of expertise
Gallstones are a relatively common medical complaint. They are caused by a buildup of substances in the gallbladder and can cause some pain and discomfort if left untreated. Fortunately, there are several effective ways to treat gallstones and in this article we'll explore the most common techniques.
What causes gallstones?
Bile is a substance naturally produced by the liver to aid digestion. Gallstones are the result of some of the substances in the bile forming together into clumps. These insoluble chemicals can include calcium, cholesterol and bilirubin.
These clumps, or gallstones, typically form in the gallbladder itself, just below the liver, although they can also form in the bile duct. The medical name for stones located in the gallbladder is cholecystolithiasis whereas the term for stones in the bile duct is choledocholithiasis.
How common are gallstones?
After the age of 40, gallstones become more common, with about a fifth of women and a tenth of men having the condition. Around 80% of people with gallstones may not even be aware that they have the condition as they will not feel any pain or have any other symptoms.
Fortunately, if gallstones do not cause discomfort, they do not need to be treated as they are otherwise harmless and will probably go away by themselves. If someone with gallstones does start to experience pain then they should see a doctor as the gallstones may need to be treated to avoid further complications.
What treatments are available for gallstones?
There are several techniques that can be used to treat gallstones.
Wait and see if the gallstones go away by themselves - Although having gallstones can be painful, they will often dissolve and go away by themselves in 30-50% of cases. In most of these cases, the patient will not have a recurrence, so no further treatment is needed. If it is a patient's first incident of gallstones, many doctors will choose not to do anything other than prescribe pain medication, preferring to see if the issue resolves itself.
Using a bile salt to dissolve the stones - Patients can take bile salt medications, typically the drug Actigall (ursodiol). In some cases, gallstones could take months or years to dissolve completely and recurrence of gallstones is common if the patient stops taking the drug.
Shock-wave therapy to dissolve the stones - A specialist can use dedicated equipment that produces sound-waves to break down and dissolve the gallstones.
Contact dissolution surgery - A surgeon will insert a tube through the abdomen, into the gallbladder. They can then inject a drug to dissolve the gallstones directly through the tube. This can break gallstones down quickly.
Removal of the gallbladder - If a person's gallstone problem is persistent and painful, or their gallstones cause other complications, a doctor may recommend surgery to remove the gallbladder. This is an extremely common procedure and although a person may need to make changes to their diet following the surgery, they can lead a full and healthy life without a gallbladder.
In closing
Gallstones and the symptoms they cause are very common. Fortunately, there are a number of well-developed techniques for dealing with them. If you suspect you may be suffering from gallstones, your doctor will be able to work with you to help you decide on the most effective treatment.
Content originally written by Paul Maplesden, a freelance writer, and edited by me.
Popliteal aneurysm surgery: What it is, how it works, recovery (full sample)
Copy editing and proofreading of an article on popliteal aneurysm surgery, a surgical procedure carried out on the artery that supplies blood to the leg.
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A popliteal aneurysm is caused due to a weakening of the walls of the popliteal artery which supplies blood to the legs. In this article, we explore what a popliteal aneurysm is, how it is diagnosed, what the surgery involves, likely recovery times and possible complications.
Areas of expertise
Popliteal aneurysm surgery or PAS is a surgical procedure carried out on the artery that supplies blood to the legs. In this article we'll explore what's involved in PAS, what you can expect, possible complications and expected recovery times.
What is a popliteal aneurysm?
A popliteal aneurysm occurs due to the weakening of the wall of the popliteal artery, which supplies blood to the thigh, knee and calf. When the artery wall weakens, this causes a bulge in the artery, known as an aneurysm. If left untreated, the aneurysm can burst, leaking blood into the surrounding leg tissue. This can become a life-threatening condition for several reasons:
Internal bleeding from the artery, resulting in significant blood loss and low blood pressure.
Blood not being supplied to the leg, meaning the limb is not receiving the oxygen and nutrients it needs to function.
Blood clots forming in the artery and surrounding areas; these blood clots can cause a blockage in the circulatory system or a stroke if they reach the brain.
For these reasons, surgery is an urgent requirement as soon as an aneurysm is detected.
How are popliteal aneurysms diagnosed?
A popliteal aneurysm may be detected during a routine exam by a doctor or occasionally as a result of localized pain or weakness in the leg, especially behind the knee or in the foot. If a doctor suspects a popliteal aneurysm, they will request an ultrasound exam of the affected area. This exam will confirm if there is an aneurysm or any blood clots.
How is popliteal aneurysm surgery performed?
PAS is normally a low-risk procedure and the repairs made during the surgery are often long-lasting and durable. During the procedure, a surgeon will:
Make an incision in the leg close to the site of the aneurysm.
Repair the aneurysm by using another section of a patient's vein or an artificial artery substitute; this is known as a bypass.
Ensure that blood is flowing correctly following the repair.
Suture the incision site.
What is the recovery time from this type of surgery?
Depending on the patient, recovery times can vary. Typical recovery times are:
A hospital stay of three to five days after the operation.
Walking with assistance after three to five days.
Removal of sutures or staples after seven to ten days.
Light walking activities and exercise after two to three weeks.
Normal walking activities and exercise after four to six weeks.
Are there likely to be any risks or complications as a result of PAS?
If the artery was completely blocked, recovery can be much more prolonged and could take several weeks to several months.
Recovery times can also be impacted by a patient's level of fitness, lifestyle, nutrition and several other factors.
Most patients will not need crutches as a result of the surgery.
In closing
If you believe that you may be suffering from a popliteal aneurysm, you should be examined by your doctor as soon as possible. Providing that it is identified and treated early, a popliteal aneurysm need not have any ongoing or long-term impact on a patient's quality of life.
Content originally written by Paul Maplesden, a freelance writer, and edited by me.
Blood alcohol content, what it means, and its impact (full sample)
Copy editing and proofreading of an article that explores the main topics around blood alcohol levels including a guide to the behavior of people with different concentrations of alcohol in their systems.
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It is important to understand the impact that alcohol can have on your body, and one way of doing this is through the blood alcohol level or how much alcohol is present in a person's blood. This article explores the main topics around blood alcohol levels including a guide to the behavior of people with different concentrations of alcohol in their systems.
Areas of expertise
Many people enjoy a drink, and whether it's beer in a bar with your friends, a glass of wine with dinner, or a cocktail on a sunny day, responsible drinking is a normal part of people's lives. The amount of alcohol that we have in our body at a specific time can be measured through something called blood alcohol level, and this article explores what that means and the effect that it can have.
Simply put, an individual's blood alcohol level measures the percentage of alcohol (ethanol) in a person's blood. This level is increased by the alcoholic drinks a person consumes and is reduced by time as a person's body (especially the liver) cleanses the blood and removes the alcohol.
Factors that affect someone's blood alcohol level
The following factors affect the amount of alcohol in a person's body:
The number of alcoholic drinks they have had.
The amount of alcohol consumed in each drink (i.e., the strength and amount of drink consumed).
The length of time the drinks have been consumed over.
How long it has been since the person stopped drinking.
The person's weight.
The speed of a person's metabolism.
The person's gender.
Because there are so many factors to take into account, it is difficult to accurately predict how consuming a specific amount of alcohol will affect an individual without directly measuring their blood alcohol level.
Despite this, there are some rough estimates that can be made; for example: a man weighing 160 lbs can expect to increase his blood alcohol level by roughly 0.02 for every drink he has. In this instance a drink would be considered one shot of liquor or spirits, one glass of wine or one can or bottle of beer.
How blood alcohol levels are measured
There are a few ways to measure blood alcohol levels, two of the more popular are through breathalyzer tests and drawing and testing an individual's blood.
Breathalyzer - A breathalyzer is a small instrument carried by law enforcement officials that can provide a fast and relatively accurate measurement of a person's blood alcohol level. It does this by getting a sample of exhaled breath from a person and performing analysis to find out how concentrated the alcohol is in the exhalation. It is then able to estimate the level of alcohol in a person's blood and if they are legally fit to drive.
Drawing and testing blood - Blood can also be drawn from a person and sent to a lab for blood alcohol level testing. This provides a very accurate result on the alcohol in a person's system and is often completed as a follow-up to a breathalyzer test.
The effects of different blood alcohol levels on an individual
Please note that the blood alcohol levels below and the number of drinks shown next to each are approximate and should not be taken as a guide to how much a specific individual could drink to reach that particular blood alcohol level. Everyone is different and it is important to understand your own tolerance to alcohol and to moderate your drinking accordingly.
Blood alcohol level of 0.0 (equivalent to no drinks)
This alcohol level indicates that there is no alcohol in a person's system and that they are acting, reacting and behaving normally.
Blood alcohol level of 0.01-0.029 (roughly equivalent to one drink)
With this low level of alcohol, an average person will appear normal and specialized testing would probably be required to find out if they had consumed any alcohol as there are unlikely to be any physical or behavioral signs.
Blood alcohol level of 0.03-0.059 (roughly equivalent to two to three drinks)
At this level, the effects of alcohol are more apparent. Individuals with this level of intoxication are likely to experience relaxation, joyful feelings, a reduction in their inhibitions, talkativeness and difficulty with concentration. In many parts of Europe, people cannot legally drive a car with a blood alcohol level of higher than 0.05.
Blood alcohol level of 0.06-0.09 (roughly equivalent to three to four drinks)
With concentrations of this level, the effects of alcohol consumption are more pronounced. Individuals will feel more disinhibited and extroverted. They may well have problems with perception, especially depth perception and seeing things in their peripheral vision. They will also encounter problems with reasoning. In the UK and the US, people cannot legally drive a car with a blood alcohol level of higher than 0.08.
Blood alcohol level of 0.1-0.19 (roughly equivalent to four to six drinks)
At this level, individuals are becoming very inebriated. Typical behaviors include boisterousness and mischief-making, a decreased sex-drive, over-expression, and possibly anger or sadness. People will start to see significant issues with reflexes, hand-eye coordination and motor control and may experience staggering and slurred speech. It is also possible that people with a low tolerance for alcohol may experience temporary alcohol poisoning.
Blood alcohol level of 0.2-0.29 (roughly equivalent to six to eight drinks)
Individuals with blood alcohol levels above 0.2 are becoming significantly intoxicated. With this much alcohol in their system, people have the possibility of falling into a stupor or falling unconscious, they will have loss of understanding and awareness of their surroundings, impaired sensations and memory blackout.
Blood alcohol level of 0.3-0.39 (roughly equivalent to eight to ten drinks)
At this blood alcohol level, the amount of alcohol in a person's system is becoming dangerous. They may experience a depression of their central nervous system, likely unconsciousness, problems with their bladder function and their breathing. At this level, there is a risk of death to individuals with poor alcohol tolerance, due to interference with the heart rhythm, breathing and other bodily functions.
Blood alcohol level of 0.4 to 0.5 (roughly equivalent to ten to twelve drinks)
Individuals with this amount of alcohol in their blood should receive medical assistance as there is a significant risk to life with blood alcohol concentrations this high. At this level, there is a general lack of responsiveness and behavior from a person, they may experience a seriously depressed nervous system, there is a significant risk of alcohol poisoning and vital bodily functions may be disrupted.
Blood alcohol level of 0.5 or higher (roughly equivalent to twelve drinks or more)
At this level, an individual is at severe and immediate risk of alcohol poisoning and death. They must receive medical attention as soon as possible.
Reducing blood alcohol level
There are several ways for an individual to manage and reduce their blood alcohol level:
Reduce the amount of alcohol that they drink through alternating alcoholic drinks with non-alcoholic drinks.
Slowing down their consumption of alcoholic drinks.
Consuming alcoholic drinks with a lower alcohol by volume measurement.
Drinking over a longer period of time (a person's blood alcohol level drops by 0.01 after every 40 minutes or so).
Note that caffeine, food, fresh air and the like are not effective ways of reducing blood alcohol levels.
In closing
Alcohol can be a perfectly normal part of an individual's life and in moderation can be a good addition to a social gathering. It is important to know your own limits and controlling your alcohol intake will ensure that you can enjoy your drinks in a safe, secure and responsible way.
Content originally written by Paul Maplesden, a freelance writer, and edited by me.
Differences between osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis (full sample)
Copy editing and proofreading of an article on arthritis including the differences between osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis.
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About this content
Illnesses that affect joints are known as rheumatic diseases and two of the most common are rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis. In this article we explore the main differences between the two conditions and how they can affect patients.
Areas of expertise
The range of illnesses that affect the limbs and joints are known as rheumatic diseases, and there are more than one hundred different types. Among these conditions, two of the most common are rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis. Despite both being rheumatic diseases, they differ substantially from each other.
Rheumatoid arthritis
The specific cause of rheumatoid arthritis is not known, although scientists believe it is caused when the immune system of the patient malfunctions and attacks their own body; this is known as an autoimmune disease. These attacks most often affect an individual's hands and feet and unlike most other forms of arthritis, rheumatoid arthritis tends to attack both sides of the body at once, in a symmetrical fashion.
Osteoarthritis
This illness most often affects older people and is a degenerative joint condition. It occurs because the cartilage that cushions and protects the bones in the joints wears out, allowing the bones to rub together. This can cause substantial discomfort for the patient.
Other differences between rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis include:
Rheumatoid arthritis could occur at any time in a person's life, whereas older people are the main age group that suffers from osteoarthritis.
Osteoarthritis slowly worsens over the course of several years, whereas rheumatoid arthritis can strike swiftly, over weeks and months.
Osteoarthritis makes joints tender with little swelling while rheumatoid arthritis aggravates joints, making them swollen, stiff and painful.
Rheumatoid arthritis can cause a person to feel generally unwell, whereas the symptoms of osteoarthritis are limited to the affected joints.
The cause of osteoarthritis is normally a joint wearing out due to repetitive stress and use of joints, or as the result of an accident or injury. It is believed that rheumatoid arthritis is generally caused by genetic predisposition and triggering events, although no specific cause has been found.
Osteoarthritis affects just over 20 million people in the United States, with rheumatoid arthritis affecting just over 2 million people.
In closing
If you believe that you may be suffering from rheumatoid arthritis or osteoarthritis, it is vital that you see a doctor as soon as possible to get diagnosed and begin treatment. Identifying the disease early and starting on a medical plan is the most effective way to preserve your quality of life.
Content originally written by Paul Maplesden, a freelance writer, and edited by me.
Side-effects of intravenous Solu-Medrol treatment (full sample)
Copy editing and proofreading of an article on Intravenous Solu-Medrol treatment, a medical procedure used to deal with several conditions and illnesses.
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About this content
Intravenous Solu-Medrol, or IVSM, is a medical procedure used to deal with several conditions and illnesses. Although IVSM can be effective in treating and managing certain conditions, its side effects can be challenging. In this article we look at what patients can expect as a result of IVSM treatment and provide suggestions and advice on how to deal with the side-effects.
Areas of expertise
Intravenous Solu-Medrol (IVSM) is a technique used to help sufferers of various illnesses, such as inflammation and allergies, manage their conditions. IVSM treatment involves injecting high doses of glucocorticoid steroids, specifically methylprednisolone (Solu-Medrol®) via an intravenous line. IVSM is often used to treat acute flare-ups of certain conditions, and although it can be effective in helping sufferers deal with their illnesses, the side effects of the treatment itself can be difficult to deal with. In this article we'll explore some of the methods that patients can use to minimize and control the side effects and discomfort caused by IVSM.
Conditions treated by IVSM
Some of the conditions and illnesses that can be treated by IVSM include:
Blood disorders and diseases.
Cancers of various types.
Serious allergic reactions.
Some eye conditions.
Some diseases of the skin, intestines, lungs or kidneys.
Immune system disorders such as multiple sclerosis.
IVSM works by reducing the response of a patient's immune system to various diseases, resulting in a beneficial lessening of pain and swelling.
Managing the side effects of IVSM
The side effects from IVSM are many and varied and will be individual to the patient being treated. The following techniques can be used to minimize the problems and discomfort caused by IVSM.
Finding veins for an IV line - If your nurse is finding it difficult to locate a vein into which to insert an IV needle, make sure to drink plenty of fluids beforehand. Being well hydrated will make it easier to see a vein and insert an IV needle.
Dealing with headaches as a result of IVSM - If you regularly suffer with headaches due to IVSM, speak to your nurse about slowing down your IVSM treatment. For example, if you normally take your IVSM over 90 minutes, you might want to take it over two hours. This can reduce the likelihood of headaches.
Reducing anxiety - Using IVSM can cause patients to feel hyper-alert and anxious because of the stress that the medication itself can cause. As a result, it's important to rest and reduce sensory stimulation after an IVSM treatment.
Managing heartburn, acid reflux or digestive pain - IVSM can increase digestive acid production, resulting in discomfort. Taking Zantac or other antacid medications as directed by your physician will help control and reduce the effects of digestive acid.
Dealing with a horrible taste in the mouth - Use of IVSM can leave some patients with a metallic taste in their mouth. Drinking grape juice, sucking on mints or hard candies can help to reduce these tastes.
Coping with feelings of hunger - Healthy, potassium-rich foods can help a patient deal with the hunger pangs that are often caused by IVSM. Bananas, apricots, beets and beans can all reduce these feelings of hunger due to their high potassium content.
Getting to sleep - IVSM can cause insomnia. Find out if you can be prescribed insomnia medication, for example Zolpidem or Ambien for the short-term to help deal with this.
Living with mood-swings, depression or anxiety - Some of the more common side effects associated with IVSM are depression, anxiety and mood-swings. If you are experiencing any of these, first speak with your family and friends and get some support from them. Your doctor may also be able to prescribe some short-term anti-anxiety medication.
Coping with a weakened immune system - Because IVSM does weaken the immune system and puts your body under stress, you may be more susceptible to infection. If you start to suffer from a cough, cold or fever, talk to a physician.
In closing
IVSM is very much the lesser of two evils. Although it can help manage and treat various conditions, its side effects can be very challenging. When you understand how IVSM will affect you, you can take steps to minimize it’s impact on you and make it easier to deal with.
Content originally written by Paul Maplesden, a freelance writer, and edited by me.
TENS units and how they can help you manage pain (full sample)
Copy editing and proofreading of an article on TENS or Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation devices and how they use low voltage electricity to provide temporary relief to muscular pain.
An example of my editing and proofreading services.
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About this content
Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation (TENS) devices use low voltage electricity to provide temporary relief for muscular pain. These devices are readily available from pharmacies and can provide relief from mild muscular discomfort. This article explains how the TENS unit works and the benefits people can expect to experience.
Areas of expertise
A TENS unit is a small electrical device that stimulates muscles and nerves via electrical impulses to help the user manage his or her pain and discomfort. TENS stands for Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation and the device functions as follows:
The patient attaches wires to the battery-powered TENS unit.
The other end of the wires attach to pads that conduct electricity.
These pads are applied to the body over the affected area, normally using a gel for good conductivity.
The TENS unit is turned on; the strength and rate of the electrical pulses can be easily altered.
A typical TENS treatments lasts for between 10 and 30 minutes.
The pads are then removed and cleaned.
Pain relief typically lasts for two to three hours.
The experience of using a TENS unit is not uncomfortable, since it only uses low voltage impulses to stimulate the nerves and muscles. A patient will feel a tingling or slightly stronger sensation, but it does not hurt. The pulses that the TENS machine produces are typically either quite rapid (more than 40 or 50 per second) or quite slow (5 to 10 per second).
The principle behind using a TENS unit is that the electrical impulses alternately stimulate and relax muscles around the affected area. Among other benefits this can promote relaxation in the muscles and promote blood flow to stimulate healing.
TENS units are most effective at treating mild sprains, pulls, aches and pains, including low-grade chronic pain in muscles and can provide relief for several hours. It is often useful to combine TENS treatments with standard pain-reducing anti-inflammatory medicine such as ibuprofen. The best time to use TENS is in the mid to late evening, prior to sleep to make it easier to fall asleep if you have pain.
TENS units should not be used on the front of the neck, on the chest if you have a pacemaker, through the chest (i.e., pads placed on both your chest and back), close to open wounds or directly over the spinal column.
TENS treatment is not very effective for acute or substantial pain, which should always be referred to a doctor or other medical specialist.
Content originally written by Paul Maplesden, a freelance writer, and edited by me.
Common symptoms and treatment for whiplash (full sample)
Copy editing and proofreading of a short guide to understanding the symptoms and treatment of whiplash.
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It can be useful to understand exactly how my proofreading and editing services can help you. Below, you’ll find an article that I copy edited and proofread to give you an idea of how I can enhance your content. Please have a read, and if you like the content then please get in touch or get a quote.
About this content
Whiplash is a common injury, normally occurring in road traffic incidents. Understanding the symptoms and treatments of whiplash and whiplash-associated disorder can help the people affected by it to better deal with their condition. This article summarizes what whiplash is, and the most common symptoms and treatments.
Areas of expertise
Whiplash is an injury that occurs to a person's back, normally in the upper back/neck area, as a result of a sudden jolt that causes the head to move rapidly backward and then forward. The most common cause of whiplash incidents is as the result of a road traffic incident, especially those involving a collision where the car is hit from behind. It is estimated that whiplash injuries cost the US economy up to $30 billion a year due to sick leave, disability, lost work productivity, damages, medical costs, and litigation.
Whiplash can involve injury both to the bones of the spine and to the ligaments, muscles, and soft tissues around the spine and in the neck. Although whiplash can be an unpleasant and uncomfortable injury that requires rest and rehabilitation to recover from, it is not life-threatening.
Generally, symptoms from whiplash can be separated into two categories:
1. Symptoms from whiplash itself.
2. Symptoms from whiplash-associated disorder.
Symptoms from whiplash itself
Symptoms from whiplash include the following which generally occur within 24 hours of an incident that could cause whiplash (commonly an automobile accident) but they can take a week or more to arise:
Pain in the head, neck, shoulders, back, and spine.
Decreased range of motion of the head and neck.
Stiffness in the neck, shoulders, and arms.
Tenderness, especially in and around the neck.
Headaches, especially in the base of the skull, dizziness, and fatigue.
Jaw pain.
Arm pain and weakness.
Disturbances in eyesight and hearing including tinnitus (ringing in the ears).
Symptoms from whiplash-associated disorder
Whiplash-associated disorder can occur in patients who have had whiplash for an extended period. This disorder tends to manifest as neurological and psychological symptoms including:
Mild depression.
Mood swings.
Anger, frustration, and irritability.
Anxiety and stress.
Drug dependency (prescription or recreational).
Insomnia.
Post-Traumatic Stress Syndrome.
Treatment for whiplash
There are several treatments for whiplash that vary in their effectiveness. Although it was originally believed that a soft cervical (neck) collar was the best way to treat whiplash by restricting head and neck movement, it is now generally thought that encouraging gentle movement and physical therapy of the neck and spine are more beneficial to a rapid recovery. These movements can include gentle rotational exercises and other education and movement as directed by a physical therapist or doctor.
These exercises help strengthen muscles to support the neck and spine. Painkillers, heat, and ice can also be used to help reduce discomfort and provide pain relief; additionally, ice will help control and reduce swelling.
Whiplash-associated disorder can be treated through counseling, therapy, antidepressants, or other medications.
In all cases, diagnosis and treatment of whiplash and its associated symptoms should be made by a medical professional. Whiplash is easily treatable via exercises and pain medication and quick diagnosis combined with an effective treatment plan can help you recover from your symptoms quickly.
Content originally written by Paul Maplesden, a freelance writer, and edited by me.
Medical and nursing wound care articles
Copy editing and proofreading of wound care articles, monographs, reports, abstracts, protocols, and studies for a telehealth company specializing in wound care.
Information on various types of copy editing and proofreading projects.
Brief description
Copy editing and proofreading of wound care articles, monographs, reports, abstracts, protocols, and studies for a telehealth company specializing in wound care.
Approximate length of content edited
10,000 words or more
Notes on copy editing and proofreading this content
Worked closely with the two company directors to edit wound care content.
Helped them to launch a new nursing consulting website.
Worked on reports, online content, abstracts, protocols, and more.
Osteoporosis and bone health magazine
Copy editing and proofreading of news, articles, reference materials, and other content on osteoporosis and bone health for a magazine.
Information on various types of copy editing and proofreading projects.
Brief description
Copy editing and proofreading of news, articles, reference materials, and other content on osteoporosis and bone health for a magazine.
Approximate length of content edited
10,000 words or more.
Notes on copy editing and proofreading this content
Copy edited news, articles, and research on osteoporosis.
Proofread PDFs for entire magazines.
I was the interim magazine proofreader for several editions.
Areas of expertise
Sustainable Nutrition and Agriculture Promotion (SNAP) program report
Copy editing and proofreading of a report on the SNAP program for sustainable food production and nutrition.
Information on various types of copy editing and proofreading projects.
Brief description
Copy editing and proofreading of a report on the SNAP program for sustainable food production and nutrition.
Approximate length of content edited
10,000 words or more.
Notes on copy editing and proofreading this content
Copy editing and proofreading on a report on the results of the mid-term evaluation of the Sustainable Nutrition and Agriculture Promotion (SNAP) program.
This was a high-level NGO report.
Areas of expertise
Cardiovascular and atherosclerosis research study
Copy editing and proofreading of a research study covering cardiovascular disease and atherosclerosis lesions.
Information on various types of copy editing and proofreading projects.
Brief description
Copy editing and proofreading of a research study covering cardiovascular disease and atherosclerosis lesions.
Approximate length of content edited
5,000 - 10,000 words.
Notes on copy editing and proofreading this content
Copy editing and proofreading of various research papers on cardiovascular disease and atherosclerosis lesions in the presence of specific drugs.
This was a clinical research study of the effects of a new drug on plaque in patients with heart disease.
Areas of expertise
Brain development in children training materials
Copy editing and proofreading of presentations and training modules on brain development in the young.
Information on various types of copy editing and proofreading projects.
Brief description
Copy editing and proofreading of presentations and training modules on brain development in the young.
Approximate length of content edited
10,000 words or more.
Notes on copy editing and proofreading this content
Copy editing and proofreading of multiple training modules on child development and brain function.
Included advanced training on nutrition including studies, research, tests, and development in relation to food and nutrition.
Areas of expertise
Local interest, health, and fitness online magazine articles
Copy editing and proofreading of fitness, health, and personal interest articles for an online magazine.
Information on various types of copy editing and proofreading projects.
Brief description
Copy editing and proofreading of fitness, health, and personal interest articles for an online magazine.
Approximate length of content edited
10,000 words or more.
Notes on copy editing and proofreading this content
Copy editing of articles on fitness, health, and personal interest.
Included advice on journalism and research.
Areas of expertise
Medico-legal neurological reports
Copy editing and proofreading of over 300 medical and legal reports for a consultant neurologist.
Information on various types of copy editing and proofreading projects.
Brief description
Copy editing and proofreading of over 300 medical and legal reports for a consultant neurologist.
Approximate length of content edited
10,000 words or more.
Notes on copy editing and proofreading this content
Copy edited and proofread over 300 medical and legal reports over the last five years.
Reports covered areas like neurological conditions and injuries.
Included causation, personal injury, and court-required reports from a neurologist.
Areas of expertise
Teaching yoga instruction and qualifications
Copy editing and proofreading of instructions on teaching yoga and a final qualification.
Information on various types of copy editing and proofreading projects.
Brief description
Copy editing and proofreading of instructions on teaching yoga and a final qualification.
Approximate length of content edited
5,000 - 10,000 words.
Notes on copy editing and proofreading this content
Copy edited and proofread an instruction manual on teaching yoga and certification.
Work was completed for a UK non-profit organization.
Covered areas including yoga, relaxation, and related topics.
Areas of expertise
Leisure management and operations guide
Copy editing and proofreading of a guide to running leisure facilities in an effective way.
Information on various types of copy editing and proofreading projects.
Brief description
Copy editing and proofreading of a guide to running leisure facilities in an effective way.
Approximate length of content edited
5,000 - 10,000 words.
Notes on copy editing and proofreading this content
Copy edited and proofread instruction manual on running leisure services.
Work was completed for a UK non-profit organization.
Covered areas including fitness training and running gym and exercise facilities.